History of surveying

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History of surveying

Surveying


Surveying is an art and science of determining the relative positions of points on, above or beneath the surface of the earth by the means of direct or indirect measurement of distance, direction and elevation and to depict them in a useable form. Is is also includes the art of establishing points by predetermined angular and linear measurement.

History of surveying in world.

• Surveying is perhaps as old as human civilization. The Babylonians practiced some type of surveying as early as 2500 BC. Surveying in some form was used in India and egypt to divide the land for taxation purpose in 1400 BC
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The earliest preserved writing on surveying about 150-100 years BC in greek. Heron invented survey instrument Dioptra. He describes the method of area calculation of triangle. Roman's invented hodometer to measure the distance between the cities. In 1571 Thomas Digges an english  mathematician known as father of modern surveying invented a instrument known as "theodolite".
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Telescope was invented by Galileo Galilei in 1609 AD Use of aerial photography for mapping began in 1920 AD. GPS(Global Positioning System) was developed by the US defense.

History of surveying in Nepal.

 
In nepal, history of surveying and mapping activities is not so long. Following are the history of surveying in nepal:Surveying was start from licchavi  period for the collection of revenue. King Ram Shah of gorkha reform the land records introduced the 'talsing' and 'mohi' for the owner and tiller. Jayasthiti malla introduced land measurement unit ropani.
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Plane table was used in 1923 AD. Survey Department was established in 1957 AD. Survey Department was  kept under ministry of land reform in 1964 AD. Survey training center was established in 1968 AD. Trigonometrical survey division was established in 1969 AD.
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Topographical survey unit was established in 1972 AD (2030BS). And was then upgraded to topographical survey branch in 1976AD. Cadastral survey branch was established in 1982 AD. Global positioning system (GPS) was introduced in 1991 AD. Survey goswara was established in 1996 BS.
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Eastern and western nepal mapping project completed in 2001                     (topographical map in 1: 25000 and 1:50000 scale). Cadastral survey of entire  country completed in 1999 AD. National Geographic Information Infrastructure Program (NGIIP) was established in 2002 AD. Remote sensing survey technology was adopted in 2002 AD.


 
In nepal, the history of surveying and mapping activities is not so long during licchavi period  revenue collection was the main source of income for running the nation. Thus, with the  objective of revenue collection the preparation of cadastral maps and related documents  started. Later on, the material used by the people to cultivate were considered as a unit, for paying the revenue.  On the basics of material use various tradition such as hale, kuto, kodale, mato, muri, bijan, mana etc. And the area were also determined on these basics. Various  improvements in surveying were also done in malla period, jayasthi malla started buying  and selling of land by removing the government intervention during 1450 BS. he divided land into four division and introduced ropani system for the measurement of area of the land.
 
According to this system:
 
1 Ropani of 1 st class land 95 haat.
1 Ropani of 2nd class land 109 haat.
1 Ropani of 3rd class of land 112 haat.
1 Ropani of 4th class of land 125 haat.
 
Later on, jayastheti malla himself in the new system of measurement where  measurement were done using a bamboo stick of length 10.5 haat. The length was later  reduced to 7.5 only. Likewise Ram shah termed the person cultivating the land as "mohi" and  the person who owns then land was termed as "Talsing". The land registration were managed during the period of Prithvi Narayan Shah. 
 
Thus ,the survey conducted since traditional period till 1930 BS were of primitive type during  that period no survey instrument were used except chain. In 1930 BS, dangol napi were  conducted which was named after particular group of people called dangol who used to   conduct survey. Likewise, in 1952 BS two district kavrepalanchowk and sindhupalchowk were  surveyed using chain which was then called "sarpatnapi" .In 1960, chandra shumsher brought  uniformity in the unit of land measurement. Likewise, a chain of length 6 haat 3 inch with stamp of government of nepal was used during that time. The nepali citizens who fought in  the 1 st world war learned about the use and importance of war map. After the1st world war  they established a military compass school in 1980 BS. The bhaktapur district was surveyed using plane table for the first time. Later Achham, Doti etc district were also surveyed using planetable. Later in 1996 BS cadastral survey plan was implemented and kathmandu valley was surveyed with the development. Thus in 1997 BS "AminTraininSchool" Was established. Similarly "Nepal environment survey goswara" Was established which later turned into "survey department" In 2014 BS. The occurrence of surveying and mapping activities could be shown as:
 
2021 BS = cadastral survey division established.
2045 BS = sahari block napi started at birendranagar, birgunj, nepalgunj.
2055 BS = single cadastral survey conducted.
2059 BS = Re-survey of kanchanpur district was completed.
2062-63 BS = gaun block survey started.
2064 BS = goswara dissolved.
2065 BS = survey and mapping authority was assigned to district survey office.
 
Thus, although not so long, history of surveying in nepal had a lot of variations and  development since the traditional surveying method still now. Another important thing that  played an important role is the establishment of Survey Training Center in 1968 which was  established with motive to provide formal education regarding surveying. This training center  in now called land Management Training Center (LMTC) under the ministry of land management  cooperative and poverty alleviation. All of these development had aided alot in field of surveying

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